The role of protein carbonylation in various diseases: A review

Abstract

Protein carbonylation is a post-translational modification that involves the addition of a carbonyl group (-C=O) to a protein, resulting in the formation of a carbonylated protein. This modification can occur through various mechanisms, including oxidative stress, enzymatic reactions, and non-enzymatic reactions. Protein carbonylation can have significant consequences, including loss of protein function, protein aggregation, and cellular stress and damage.Recent studies have highlighted the importance of protein carbonylation in understanding the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Protein carbonylation has been implicated in the development of cancer, where it can contribute to the promotion of cell growth and survival. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, consequences, and detection methods for protein carbonylation. We discuss the various mechanisms by which protein carbonylation can occur, including the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidants. We also review the role protein carbonylation, including the loss of protein function, protein aggregation, and cellular stress and damage in several diseases. Therapeutic interventions and protein carbonylation are also considered. Furthermore, we discuss the various methods that have been developed to detect and quantify protein carbonylation, including the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and mass spectrometry. Finally, we highlight the advantages and limitations of the different methods used in the measurement of protein carbonylation.Understanding the mechanisms, role in disease, and detection methods for protein carbonylation is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat diseases associated with protein carbonylation.