Climate Change and the Changing Landscape of Central Nervous System Infections and Neuropsychiatric Morbidities in Northwest Nigeria: A Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

Abstract

Background: Climate change is postulated to alter the epidemiology of infectious diseases, particularly in vulnerable regions like sub-Saharan Africa. The potential impact on central nervous system (CNS) infections and subsequent neuropsychiatric sequelae remains inadequately characterised in Northwest Nigeria.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the associations between climate change indicators and the incidence of CNS infections, including atypical presentations, and associated neuropsychiatric morbidities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 20,000 participants from Northwest Nigeria. Data were collected using pre-validated instruments, including a structured questionnaire, clinical proforma for CNS infection diagnosis, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for neuropsychiatric assessment, and meteorological data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). Statistical analyses involved multivariable logistic regression to determine associations, controlling for confounders.

Results: Among the 20,000 participants, a significant positive association was found between rising average temperatures and the incidence of CNS infections (aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32-1.59). Similarly, aberrant rainfall patterns were linked to an increased incidence of atypical CNS infections (aOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.60-1.98). Participants with a diagnosed CNS infection had a substantially higher prevalence of subsequent neuropsychiatric morbidities, including depression (18.5%), anxiety disorders (15.2%), and cognitive impairments (12.8%), compared to those without (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Climate change is significantly associated with an increasing burden of CNS infections and related neuropsychiatric morbidities in Northwest Nigeria. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated public health strategies that incorporate climate adaptation measures into neurological and mental health frameworks.