Impact of TVET Programmes on TVET Graduate Outcomes in Ghana

Abstract

The efforts made to promote Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) demonstrate the importance Ghanaian authorities attach to it. For some time now, TVET has been restructured, and new policies have been formulated, all to ensure elevation in graduate outcomes. However, there is a lack of research, especially regarding factors associated with such outcomes. Based on relevant variables derived from the Human Capital Theory and Employability Theory, this study examines the extent to which TVET programmesmeet the expected graduate outcomes in Ghana. The study adopted a correlational research design and used a survey of key stakeholders in the TVET sector in the Greater Accra and Northern Regions of Ghana. Data were collected from 250 respondents using stratified random sampling. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the findings indicate that institutional factors, such as adequate and well-trained TVET staff, sufficient funding, effective financial management, and strong partnerships with industry and other stakeholders, were positively associated with graduate outcomes. These outcomes include graduates’ employability, job readiness, confidence, entrepreneurial capability, and career sustainability. Although programme factors, such as industry-aligned curricula, effective instruction methods, knowledgeable trainers, and resources for hands-on learning, were positively associated with graduate outcomes, the relationship was not statistically significant. Moreover, government and stakeholder support through adequate funding, positive policies, and engagement with key stakeholders significantly enhances graduate outcomes. Additionally, the study found that government and stakeholder support positively moderate the relationship between institutional and programme factors and graduate outcomes. The results highlight the critical role of institutional factors, programme structure, and external support in improving TVET graduate outcomes in Ghana. Among other things, it was recommended that the Ghana government create curricula aligned with industry, develop more attractive and supportive ecosystems to boost instructors' morale, and strengthen stakeholder collaboration. The government could do these through policy formulations.